Ba Jin

Li Yaotang , courtesy name Feigan , is considered to be one of the most important and widely-read writers of the 20th century. He wrote under the pen name of Ba Jin , allegedly taking his pseudonym from Russian and . Ba Jin started composing his first works in the late 1920s.

Biography

Young Life and Anarchism

Born in , Li was born into a scholarly family of officials. His paternal grandfather ruled the large, five generation-tiered household with an autocratic hand, which young Li found stifling, not unlike that depicted in his famous novel, ''Family''. As a child Li was taught to read and write first by his mother, and later by privately engaged house tutors. It was not until the death of this grandfather in 1917, causing a power struggle which ended with an elder uncle emerging victorious, that released him to explore the world. As a youngster Li read widely and was deeply influenced by Piotr Kropotkin's famous pamphlet, ''An Appeal to the Young'', which he read at age fifteen. Hugely impressed by Emma Goldman, whom he later referred to as his "spiritual mother", Li started a lifelong correspondence with her.

In 1920, Li enrolled, with an elder brother, in the Chengdu Foreign Language Specialist School to study . It was there he first engaged in the organization of literary journal ''Crescent'' and wrote a number of vers libre. Joining an anarchist organization, the Equality Society, Li became its most prominent member, actively distributing propaganda leaflets.

Three years later, Li moved to Shanghai and subsequently to Dongnan University, Nanjing on the pretext of study, but mainly, as he put it, to escape the influence of his family. There he managed to master Esperanto within one year of diligent study and took part in leftist socialist strikes, while remaining active in the anarchist movement, writing a pamphlet on the Chicago Anarchist Martyrs.

France

On graduation, he left on-board a liner on February 15 1927 with a friend for Paris, France for further studies, where he lodged at the 5th arrondissement . He described his life there as boring and monotonous, taking daily afternoon walks at the Jardin du Luxembourg and evening French lessons at Alliance Francaise. He recalled especially 's statue at the Panthéon , the River Seine and the tollings of the .

:"In spring 1927 I was living atop a five-storied apartment at Paris's Quartier Latin, a small lodging full of gas and onion smell. I was lonely, I felt pain, sunlight hardly shone into my room: I missed my homeland and my family."

It was partly owing to boredom when Li began to write his first novel, ''Miewang'' on a jotterbook. In France, Li continued his anarchist activism, translated many anarchist works, including Kropotkin's ''Ethics'', into Chinese, which was mailed back to Shanghai anarchist magazines for publication. Alexander Berkman was one of many anarchist leaders he met there.

The trials of immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti filled the fervent writer with anger and Ba Jin worked tirelessly to champion their release. Vanzetti apparently was moved enough to reply to the young man from his American prison, with a package of anarchist texts for his readings. Their short correspondence ceased when Vanzetti was executed, along with Sacco, on August 23 1927.

Shanghai

On his return to Shanghai in 1928, Ba Jin continued writing and working on translations. His first novel, ''Destruction'', was released serially by ''Fiction Monthly'' in 1929, a foremost literary magazine and earned him many admirers.

During the next 10 years, Li acted as editor to several important publishing firms and periodicals, as well as composing the works which he is best known for – '''' , The Love Trilogy ''Fog'' , ''Rain'' and ''Lightning'' , the novellas ''Autumn in Spring'' and ''A Dream of the Sea'', the short story collection ''Mengya'' and prose writings in ''Fuchou'' and ''Shen, Gui, Ren'' .

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ba Jin was actively involved in propaganda work against the Japanese invasion, working on the publication ''Nahan'' with Mao Dun. In the later stages of the war, Ba Jin completed the famous Torrents Trilogy — of which ''Family'' was the first written — with ''Spring'' and ''Autumn'' . Other works of the post-war period, like the short novels ''A Garden of Repose'' , ''Ward No 4'' and ''Cold Nights'' , contain some of his strongest writings.


During the Cultural Revolution, Ba Jin was heavily persecuted as a counter-revolutionary. His wife, Xiao Shan, died during the Revolution after being denied medical care, and the manner of her death traumatized Ba Jin for the rest of his life. He was rehabilitated in 1977, after which he was elected to many important national literary posts, including chairman of the Chinese Writers' Association . The most significant work of his later years is probably the discursive writings in ''Suixiang Lu'' , in which, among other things, he reflected on the Cultural Revolution in a painfully honest manner and asked specifically for a Cultural Revolution Museum to be set up as a deterrent for future generations.

He spoke and advocated Esperanto and in the 1980s was the vice-president of the Chinese Esperanto League.

Ba Jin’s works were heavily influenced by foreign writers, including Emile Zola, Ivan Turgenev, Alexandr Herzen, Anton Chekhov, and Emma Goldman, and a substantial amount of his collected works are devoted to translations. His writing style, characterized by simplicity, avoids difficult, abstruse words, and most of his works would be easily understood by anyone with a high school education, making him one of the easiest modern Chinese writer to read.

Ba Jin suffered from Parkinson's Disease since 1983, an ailment which almost completely debilitated him. The illness confined him to a hospital unable to speak and walk toward the last few years of his life. Ba Jin died of cancer in Shanghai at the age of 100 . His death marked the end of an era for Chinese literature, especially since he was the last major writer to live through the May Fourth Movement. He received the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize in 1990.

Asteroid 8315 Bajin is named in his honour.

Bibliography

Translated into English

* Living Amongst Heroes. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
* The Family. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
* A battle for life: a full record of how the life of steel worker, Chiu Tsai-kang, was saved in the Shanghai Kwangrze Hospital. Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
* Cold Nights Hong Kong: Chinese University press.
* Random Thoughts Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Company.
* Selected works of Ba Jin Beijing: Foreign Language Press.
* Ward Four: A Novel of Wartime China . San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals, Inc.
* "How to Build a Society of Genuine Freedom and Equality", "Patriotism and the Road to Happiness for the Chinese" and "Anarchism and the Question of Practice" in ''Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas, Volume 1: From Anarchy to Anarchism'' , ed. Robert Graham. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2005.

Ba Jin Stories in Collections

*Arzybasheff, M.. "Morning Shadows?" in Tales of the Revolution. Tr. Percy Pinkerton. New York Huebsch.
*."Workingman Shevyrev." in Tales of the Revolution, tr. Percy Pinkerton. New York: Huebsch.

Works

Short Story Collections:
*''Vengeance'' 《复仇》，1931
*''Brightness'' 《光明》，1932
*''The Electric Chair'' 《电椅》, 1933
*''Wiping Cloth'' 《抹布》，1933
*''The General'' 《将军》，1934
*''Gods, Ghosts and Men'' 《神·鬼·人》，1935
*''Sinking'' 《沉落》，1936
*''The Story of Hair'' 《发的故事》，1936
*''Thunder'' 《雷》，1937
*''Resurrection Grass'' 《还魂草》，1942
*''Little People, Little Events'' 《小人小事》，1943
*''Heroic Tales'' 《英雄的故事》，1953
*''Pigs and Chickens'' 《猪与鸡》，1959
*''Li Da-hai'' 《李大海》，1961
*''Stories Outside the City''，1992

Children's literature:
*''The Immortality Pagoda'' 《长生塔》，1937
*''The Pearl and the Jade Concubine'' 《明珠和玉姬》，1957

Novels and Novellas:
*''Destruction'' 《灭亡》, 1929
*''The Dead Sun'' 《死去的太阳》, 1931
*The "Love" Trilogy 《爱情的三部曲》
**''Fog'' 《雾》, 1931
**''Rain'' 《雨》，1933
**''Lightning'' 《电》，1935
*''New Life'' 《新生》，1933
*''Miners'' 《砂丁》，1933
*''Germination'' 《萌芽》，1933
*''A Dream of the Sea'' 《海的梦》，1932
*''Autumn in Spring'' 《春天里的秋天》，1932
*The "Torrents" Trilogy 《激流三部曲》
**''The Family'' 《家》，1933
**''Spring'' 《春》，1938
**''Autumn'' 《秋》，1940
*''Lina'' 《利娜》，1940
*''Fires'' 《火》，1940—1945
*''Stars'' 《星》，1941
*''A Garden of Repose'' 《憩园》，1944
*''Ward No 4'' 《第四病室》，novella, 1946
*''Cold Nights'' 《寒夜》，1947

Autobiography and Memoirs:
*''Ba Jin: An Autobiography'' 《巴金自传》，1934
*''I Remember'' 《忆》，1936
*''Thinking Back on Childhood'' 《童年的回忆》，1984

Non-fiction:
*''Anarchism and its Practical Problems'' 《无政府主义与实际问题》，1927
*''From Capitalism to Anarchism'' 《从资本主义到安那其主义》，1930
*''A Walk by the Sea'' 《海行》，1932
*''Travel Notes'' 《旅途随笔》，1934
*''Droplets of Life'' 《点滴》，1935
*''Confessions of Living'' 《生之忏悔》，1936
*''Brief Notes'' 《短简》，1937
*''I Accuse'' 《控诉》，1937
*''Dreaming and Drunkenness'' 《梦与醉》，1938
*''Thoughts and Feelings'' 《感想》，1939
*''Black Earth'' 《黑土》，1939
*''Untitled'' 《无题》，1941
*''Dragons, Tigers and Dogs'' 《龙·虎·狗》，1941
*''Outside the Derelict Garden'' 《废园外》，1942
*''Travel Notes'' 《旅途杂记》，1946
*''Remembering'' 《怀念》，1947
*''Tragedy of a Still Night'' 《静夜的悲剧》，1948
*''The Nazi Massacre Factory: Auschwitz'' 《纳粹杀人工厂—奥斯威辛》，1951
*''Warsaw Festivals: Notes in Poland'' 《华沙城的节日—波兰杂记》，1951
*''The Consoling Letter and Others'' 《慰问信及其他》，1951
*''Living Amongst Heroes'' 《生活书局在英雄们中间》，1953
*''They Who Defend Peace'' 《保卫和平的人们》，1954
*''On Chekhov'' 《谈契河夫》，1955
*''Days of Great Joy'' 《大欢乐的日子》，1957
*''Strong Warriors'' 《坚强的战士》，1957
*''A Battle for Life'' 《—场挽救生命的战斗》，1958
*''New Voices: A Collection'' 《新声集》，1959
*''Friendship: A Collection'' 《友谊集》，1959
*''Eulogies: A Collection'' 《赞歌集》，1960
*''Feelings I Can't Express'' 《倾吐不尽的感情》，1963
*''Lovely by the Bridge'' 《贤良桥畔》，1964
*''Travels to Dazhai'' 《大寨行》，1965
*''Ba Jin: New Writings''，1978—1980
*''Smorching Smoke'' 《烟火集》，1979
*''Random Thoughts'' 《随想录》，1978-86
*''Thinking Back on Writing'' 《创作回忆录》1981
*''Exploration and Memories'' 《探索与回忆》，1982
*''Afterwords: A Collection'' 《序跋集》，1982
*''Remembrance: A Collection'' 《忆念集》，1982
*''Ba Jin: On Writing'' 《巴金论创作》，1983
*''Literature: Recollections'' 《文学回忆录》1983
*''To Earth to Dust'' 《愿化泥土》，1984
*''I Accuse: A Collection'' 《控诉集》，1985
*''In My Heart'' 《心里话》，1986
*''Ten Years, One Dream'' 《十年一梦》，1986
*''More Thoughts'' 《再思录》，1995

Letters:
*''To Our Young Friends Looking for Aspirations'' 《寻找理想的少年朋友》，1987
*''Snow and Dirt'' 《雪泥集》，1987
*''Collected Letters of Ba Jin'' 《巴金书信集》， 1991

Others:
*
*

Films

*''Return from Silence: Five prominent and controversial Chinese writers speak on their roles in the modernization of China''. - The life and work of five esteemed Chinese writers whose modern classics shaped China's past: Ba Jin, Mao Dun, Ding Ling, Cao Yu, and Ai Qing. Produced by Chung-wen Shih, George Washington University. 1982.

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Zhu Yu (author)

Zhu Yu was an author of the Chinese Song Dynasty . Between 1111 and 1117 AD, Zhu Yu wrote the book ''Pingzhou Ketan'' , and had it published in 1119 AD. It covered a wide variety of various subjects and issues in China at the time. His extensive knowledge of maritime engagements, technologies, and practices were owed to the fact that his father, Zhu Fu, was the Port Superintendent of Merchant Shipping for Guangzhou from 1094 until 1099 AD, whereupon he was elevated to the status of governor there and served in his office until 1102 AD.

Pingzhou Table Talks

In terms of global significance, Zhu Yu's book was the first book in history to mention the use of the mariner's magnetic-needle compass for navigation at sea. Although the compass needle was first described in detail by the Chinese scientist Shen Kuo in his ''Dream Pool Essays'' of 1088 AD, he did not specifically outline its use for navigation at sea. The passage from Zhu Yu's ''Pingzhou Ketan'' relating to the use of the compass states:


According to government regulations concerning seagoing ships, the larger ones can carry several hundred men, and the smaller ones may have more than a hundred men on board. One of the most important merchants is chosen to be Leader , another is Deputy Leader , and a third is Business Manager . The Superintendent of Merchant Shipping gives them an unofficially sealed red certificate permitting them to use the light bamboo for punishing their company when necessary. Should anyone die at sea, his property becomes forfeit to the government...The ship's pilots are acquainted with the configuration of the coasts; at night they steer by the stars, and in the day-time by the sun. In dark weather they look at the south-pointing needle . They also use a line a hundred feet long with a hook at the end which they let down to take samples of mud from the sea-bottom; by its smell they can determine their whereabouts.


Although Zhu began writing his book in 1111 AD, it referred to events concerning various seaports of China from the year 1086 onwards. Therefore, if a ship's hull was heavily damaged, only one compartment would fill with water while the ship could be salvaged without sinking. Zhu Yu wrote that ships springing a leak could hardly be repaired from the inside, though; instead the Chinese employed expert foreign divers that would dive into the water with chisels and oakum and mend the damage from the outside. Expert divers were written of by many Chinese authors, including Song Yingxing who wrote about that used watertight leather face masks attached with secured with tin rings that led up to the surface, allowing them to breathe underwater for long periods of time. Since at least the Tang Dynasty , the Chinese also had a formula for a waterproof cream applied to silk clothes that proved useful for divers.

Confirming Zhu Yu's writing on Song Dynasty ships with bulkhead hull compartments, in 1973 a 24 m long, 9 m wide Song Dynasty trade ship from circa 1277 AD was dredged from the water off the southern coast of China; this ship contained 12 bulkhead compartment rooms within its hull.

Zhang Dai

Zhang Dai was a Ming Dynasty writer.

Born in Ming Dynasty 25th year in Shanyin , now Shaoxing of Zhejiang province, China. He died in Qing Dynasty 28th year at age 93.

Zhang Dai is known as the greatest essay writer in Ming dynasty. He was a prolific writer. He wrote more than thirty books covering literature and history. However only a few remain today.

Zhang Dai's most famous books are:

* ''Tao An Meng Yi'' , written ca. 1665.
* ''Xi Hu Meng Xun''

Books by Zhang Dai

*张岱 Zhang Dai: 陶庵梦忆 Tao An Meng Yi, 1986 edition, Golden Maple Publishing House, Taiwan
*张岱 Zhang Dai: 西湖梦寻 Xi Hu Meng Xun, Search The West Lake in Dreams. ISBN 957-763-132-0

Books on Zhang Dai

* Spence, Jonathan D. . ''Return to Dragon Mountain: Memories of a Late Ming Man''. Viking, 332 pages. ISBN 978-0-670-06357-4
* Kafalas, Phlip A. . ''In Limpid Dream: Nostalgia and Zhang Dai's Reminiscences of the Ming''. East Bridge, 286 pages. ISBN 978-1-891-93663-0

Translations

* ''Zhang Dai, Souvenirs rêvés de Tao'an'', translated by Brigitte Teboue-Wang, 1995
* ''Vignettes from the Late Ming: A Hsiao-P'in Anthology'', by Yang Ye, University of Washington Press; ISBN 0-295-97733-7

Excerpt

Elderly Min Tea

Chou Me-Nong bragged about Min Vin-sui's tea to me over and over. In the ninth month of 1638, I went to the City of Liu. After landing, I visited Min Vin-sui at Peach Leave Ferry. It was afternoon, and Vin-sui was out. He came back late, and I saw a grumpy old man. No sooner than introduction, he suddenly exclaimed "I forgot my cane at some one's home !" then out he went. I said to myself " I cannot afford to waste a whole day". I called again. When Vin-sui returned, it was already evening. He glanced at me, and said "Is the guest still here ? What are you here for?" "I have long heard your reputation, I will not leave here unless I get to drink Vin-sui tea" I replied.
Vin-sui was pleased, and set up stove and brew tea himself, as swiftly as wind and storm. He led me into a room with bright windows and clean desk and filled with Thorn Brook tea pots and Chen Shuen Kiln porcelain cups. What an exquisite collection! Under the lamplight, the color of tea looked the same as the porcelain cups, but the tea had an aggressive aroma, I exclaimed with amazement and ask Vin-sui "Where do you obtained this tea?" "It was from the Garden of Liang" he replied. I sipped again, and said "Don't fool me, this tea was indeed made according to Liang Garden recipe, but it doesn't tasted so" "Do you know where the tea was from?" asked
Vin-sui, hiding his smile. I sipped again, and said "How come it tasted so much like Lu Gie tea?" "Odd, odd!" said Vin-sui, sticking out his tongue. I ask Vin-sui what kind of water he used. "Hui Spring water" "Don't fool me, Hui Spring water travelled thousands of miles how come the water moves but not the pebbles?" "I am not going to hide the truth any more. When one fetch Hui Spring water one must dig a well, and wait in a silent night for new water to arrive, then bucket it up quickly. Mountain pebbles would line the bottom of the jar. A boat will not move without the wind, so still water creates no pebbles......" " Odd, odd!" said he, sticking out his tongue. No sooner he uttered this words, out he went. He soon returned with a kettle and pour me a full cup of tea, and said "please try this" "It has an intense aroma and rich taste. Is this spring tea? The one I tasted before was Autumn pick" Vin-sui laughed heartily and said "In seventy years of my life, I have never met a single connoisseur like you!" We became friends.

From Book III, "Dream and Remininscence of Tao An" , translated by Gisling

Yuen Ren Chao

Yuen Ren Chao was a Chinese American and amateur composer. He made important contributions to the modern study of phonology and grammar.

Besides helping to shape the Gwoyeu Romatzyh, a Chinese romanization scheme, Chao is also credited with inventing a notation for transcribing in spoken languages.

Biography

Born in Tianjin with ancestry in Changzhou, , Chao went to the United States with a Boxer Rebellion Indemnity Scholarship in 1910 to study mathematics at Cornell University, switching to philosophy later. He earned his doctorate in philosophy from Harvard University.

Already in college, his interests had turned to music and languages. He spoke and fluently and some , and he had a reading knowledge of ancient Greek and Latin. He served as Bertrand Russell's interpreter when the renowned British philosopher visited China in 1920. In his ''My Linguistic Autobiography'', he wrote of his ability to pick up a Chinese dialect quickly, without much effort.

He returned to China in 1920, teaching at the Tsinghua University. One year later he returned to the United States to teach at Harvard. He again returned to China in 1925, teaching at Tsinghua. He began to conduct linguistic fieldwork throughout China for the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica from 1928 onwards. During this period of time, he collaborated with Luo Changpei and Li Fanggui, the other two leading Chinese linguists of his generation, to edit and render into Chinese Bernhard Karlgren's monumental ''Etudes sur la Phonologie Chinoise'' .

He left for the US in 1938, and resided there afterwards. In 1945, he served as president of the Linguistic Society of America, and a special issue of the society's journal ''Language'' was dedicated to him in 1966. He became an American citizen in 1954. From 1947 to 1960, he taught at the University of California at Berkeley, where in 1952, he became Agassiz Professor Oriental Languages.

He was married to the physician Buwei Yang Chao, perhaps best known as author of ''How to Cook and Eat in Chinese'', a treatise on Chinese cuisine. Yuen Ren Chao offers his insights liberally throughout the book, offering glimpses into the kind of relationship they had together. Both were known for their good senses of humor, he particularly for his love of subtle jokes and language puns: they published a family history entitled, ''Life with Chaos : the autobiography of a Chinese family''.

Late in his life, he was invited by Deng Xiaoping to return to China. Chao and his wife returned to China in 1973 for the first time since the 1940s. He visited China again between May and June in 1981 after his wife passed away in March the same year. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His daughter Rulan Chao Pian , born in 1922, is Professor Emerita of East Asian Studies and Music at Harvard.

Work

When in the US in 1921, Chao recorded the standard Mandarin pronunciation distributed nationally, as proposed by Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation.

He is the author of one of the most important standard modern works on Chinese grammar, ''A Grammar of Spoken Chinese'' , which was translated into Chinese separately by Lü Shuxiang in 1979 and by Ting Pang-hsin in 1980. It was an expansion of the grammar chapters in his earlier textbooks, ''Mandarin Primer'' and ''Cantonese Primer''. He was co-author of the ''Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese'', which was the first dictionary to mark Chinese characters for being ''bound'' or ''free'' .

His translation of Lewis Carroll's ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', where he tried his best to preserve all the word plays of the original, is still considered a classic.

He also wrote "The "Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den". This Chinese text consists of 92 characters, all with the sounds ''shī'', ''shí'', ''shǐ'' and ''shì'' . When written out using the text can be understood, but it is incomprehensible when read out aloud, and therefore also incomprehensible on paper when written in romanized form. This example is often used as an argument against the romanization of Chinese. In fact, the text was an argument against the romanization of Classical Chinese and Chao was actually pro-romanization for writing modern vernacular Chinese .

His composition ''How could I help thinking of her'' was a "pop hit" in the 1930s in China. The lyrics are by Liu Bannong, another linguist, who is famous for coining the Chinese feminine pronoun ''ta'' .

Chao translated "Jabberwocky" into by inventing characters to imitate what Rob Gifford describes as the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original."

Further reading

* Yuen Ren Chao, "My Linguistic Autobiography", in ''Aspects of Chinese Sociolinguistics: Essays by Yuen Ren Chao'', pp.1-20, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976.
* William S-Y. Wang, "Yuen Ren Chao", ''Language'', Vol. 59, No. 3 , pp. 605-607, through JSTOR

Yuan Cai

Yuan Cai was a Song dynasty scholar and official, best known for penning the ''Yuan shi shi fan'', a manual of advice addressed to family heads on the subject of how to handle their responsibilities.

Yuan was born in Xin'an, the capital of Quzhou prefecture, to an established gentry family. In the 1150s he was a student at the National University at the Southern Song capital of Hangzhou. After passing the ''jinshi'' degree in 1163, Yuan Cai served in several prefectures outside the capital. Altogether Yuan Cai served as magistrate of four .

During this time, he spent much of his time writing. Two of his early works, ''Zhenghe za ji'' and ''Xianling xiao lu'' , are no longer extant. From the bibliography chapter of the ''Book of Song'' and Ming dynasty gazetteers of Quzhou, he is also known to have written a number of other books, all of which are also lost. Most of them were concerned with the administration of local and central government. At least one detailed ways in which the central government could improve its capacity to fend off the Jurchens who had seized north China.

Serving as magistrate of Leqing from 1178 onwards, Yuan acted as compiler of a ten-chapter gazetteer of the county. He probably completed and published the ''Yuan shi shi fan'' around this time. Liu Zhen, one of the members of the local families, whom Yuan had met at the National University, wrote the preface for Yuan's work. The ''Yuan shi shi fan'' was reprinted in 1190, whilst Yuan Cai was at Wuyuan in what is now southern Anhui.

In 1192 he was recommended for promotion by the poet Yang Wanli. Yuan Cai's last post was in the capital, as director of the Public Attention Drum Bureau. He probably died sometime in the mid-1190s. After his death, his second son and a cousin also attained the ''jinshi'' degree in 1205.

Xue Zongzheng

Xue Zongzheng is a renowned historian, a director of Ancient History at the Institute of History in , and a professor of History at the Xinjiang Normal University. Born in , he was graduated in history from the Peking University in 1958, specialized in the fronter policy of ancient China and the history of Central Asia. He published several books in the Chinese language.

Publications

* ''A History of Turks''. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. 1992.
* ''A Study of Western Boundary's Frontier Poetry in the Past Dynasties''. Lanzhou: Dunhuang Literature and Art Press. 1993.
* ''Anxi and Beiting Protectorates''. Harbin: Heilongjiang Education Press. 1995.
* ''Rise and Decline of Tubo Kingdom''. Beijing: Nationalities Press. 1997.
* ''The Pronunciation of the Han and Jin Dynasties and the Toponym of the Ancient Western Region''. Journal of Xinjiang University. 2000.1.
* ''Xinjiang's Historical Events Listed in Divani Lugatit Turk''. Journal of Xinjiang University. 2001.1
* ''A Study on Multilateral Relations Among the Tibetan, Uighur and Karluk — On the Contend in the Western Regions After An and Shi's Rebellions of the Tang Dynasty''. 2001.3
* ''A History of On Oq Khans in the Late Western Turks''. Journal of Xinjiang Normal University. 2001.4.
* ''The Royal Gar and the Tibetan-Subjected Western Turkic Regimes — With the Discussion About the Contend Between Tang Dynasty and the Tibetan in the Western Region''. China's Borderland History and Geography Studies. 2002.4.
*''From Shule to Jiashizhili''. Xinjiang Academy of Social Sciences. 2005.2.

Xie Bingying

Xie Bingying was a Chinese soldier and writer born in .

Xie was one of the first female soldiers in modern history, and participated in the . Her literary reputation started with her military diaries. She was arrested in Japan for resistance activities in 1935. In 1948 she moved to Taiwan to escape the coming communist rule. In 1974 she emigrated to the United States.

Main works

*''Girl Rebel: the autobiography of Hsieh Pingying, with extracts from her new war diaries '', Da Capo Press, New York, 1940
*''Autobiography of a Chinese Girl: a genuine autobiography '', G. Allen & Unwin, London, 1943