Besides helping to shape the Gwoyeu Romatzyh, a Chinese romanization scheme, Chao is also credited with inventing a notation for transcribing in spoken languages.
Biography
Born in Tianjin with ancestry in Changzhou, , Chao went to the United States with a Boxer Rebellion Indemnity Scholarship in 1910 to study mathematics at Cornell University, switching to philosophy later. He earned his doctorate in philosophy from Harvard University.
Already in college, his interests had turned to music and languages. He spoke and fluently and some , and he had a reading knowledge of ancient Greek and Latin. He served as Bertrand Russell's interpreter when the renowned British philosopher visited China in 1920. In his ''My Linguistic Autobiography'', he wrote of his ability to pick up a Chinese dialect quickly, without much effort.
He returned to China in 1920, teaching at the Tsinghua University. One year later he returned to the United States to teach at Harvard. He again returned to China in 1925, teaching at Tsinghua. He began to conduct linguistic fieldwork throughout China for the Institute of History and Philology of Academia Sinica from 1928 onwards. During this period of time, he collaborated with Luo Changpei and Li Fanggui, the other two leading Chinese linguists of his generation, to edit and render into Chinese Bernhard Karlgren's monumental ''Etudes sur la Phonologie Chinoise'' .
He left for the US in 1938, and resided there afterwards. In 1945, he served as president of the Linguistic Society of America, and a special issue of the society's journal ''Language'' was dedicated to him in 1966. He became an American citizen in 1954. From 1947 to 1960, he taught at the University of California at Berkeley, where in 1952, he became Agassiz Professor Oriental Languages.
He was married to the physician Buwei Yang Chao, perhaps best known as author of ''How to Cook and Eat in Chinese'', a treatise on Chinese cuisine. Yuen Ren Chao offers his insights liberally throughout the book, offering glimpses into the kind of relationship they had together. Both were known for their good senses of humor, he particularly for his love of subtle jokes and language puns: they published a family history entitled, ''Life with Chaos : the autobiography of a Chinese family''.
Late in his life, he was invited by Deng Xiaoping to return to China. Chao and his wife returned to China in 1973 for the first time since the 1940s. He visited China again between May and June in 1981 after his wife passed away in March the same year. He died in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His daughter Rulan Chao Pian , born in 1922, is Professor Emerita of East Asian Studies and Music at Harvard.
Work
When in the US in 1921, Chao recorded the standard Mandarin pronunciation distributed nationally, as proposed by Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation.
He is the author of one of the most important standard modern works on Chinese grammar, ''A Grammar of Spoken Chinese'' , which was translated into Chinese separately by Lü Shuxiang in 1979 and by Ting Pang-hsin in 1980. It was an expansion of the grammar chapters in his earlier textbooks, ''Mandarin Primer'' and ''Cantonese Primer''. He was co-author of the ''Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese'', which was the first dictionary to mark Chinese characters for being ''bound'' or ''free'' .
His translation of Lewis Carroll's ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'', where he tried his best to preserve all the word plays of the original, is still considered a classic.
He also wrote "The "Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den". This Chinese text consists of 92 characters, all with the sounds ''shī'', ''shí'', ''shǐ'' and ''shì'' . When written out using the text can be understood, but it is incomprehensible when read out aloud, and therefore also incomprehensible on paper when written in romanized form. This example is often used as an argument against the romanization of Chinese. In fact, the text was an argument against the romanization of Classical Chinese and Chao was actually pro-romanization for writing modern vernacular Chinese .
His composition ''How could I help thinking of her'' was a "pop hit" in the 1930s in China. The lyrics are by Liu Bannong, another linguist, who is famous for coining the Chinese feminine pronoun ''ta'' .
Chao translated "Jabberwocky" into by inventing characters to imitate what Rob Gifford describes as the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original."
Further reading
* Yuen Ren Chao, "My Linguistic Autobiography", in ''Aspects of Chinese Sociolinguistics: Essays by Yuen Ren Chao'', pp.1-20, selected and introduced by Anwar S. Dil, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976.
* William S-Y. Wang, "Yuen Ren Chao", ''Language'', Vol. 59, No. 3 , pp. 605-607, through JSTOR
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